11. Ph.D. degree program NOTE - the major recent change in this manual from the last version is in the Ph.D. qualifier. The academic year 2007-08 will be a transition year, with both formats being offered. In future years, only the new Qualifier format will be offered. (See Appendix A, for the new format.) The minimum requirements for both the Mechanical Engineering and the Aerospace Engineering Ph.D. programs consist of a minimum of 48 credit hours of graduate course work and 12-24 credit hours of dissertation work, for a total of 72 credit hours. A maximum of six credit hours of the 48 credit hour course requirement may be fulfilled by M.S. Thesis (six (6) credit hours) or M.S. Project (three (3) credit hours) completed at the University at Buffalo. Transfer credit policy for students entering with an M.S. degree from outside the Department was stated previously in Sec. 7. Effective Fall 2007, all PhD students must have taken the GRE tests. Normally, at least three academic years of full-time graduate study, beyond the baccalaureate degree, are required to complete the Ph.D. degree requirements. The first two years usually emphasize formal course work, while subsequent years usually concentrate on completing the dissertation research. The selection of the program of courses and the student's dissertation research are under the supervision of a Ph.D. program committee chaired by the student's advisor. There is no foreign language requirement for the Ph.D. degree. Ph.D. Program for Continuing Students Students completing an M.S. program in the department who wish to proceed to a Ph.D. program in the department must first request approval to do so in a letter to the Director of Graduate Studies. This letter should summarize completely the student's graduate record (all courses and grades) and identify the Ph.D. dissertation advisor. A letter to the Director of Graduate Studies is also required from the student's M.S. Thesis or Project advisor giving an opinion as to the student's suitability for entering a Ph.D. program and discussing how the student will be funded. The student will be advised in writing as to whether he is admitted to the Ph.D. program and therefore eligible to take the Ph.D. qualifying examination. Effective Fall 2007, all applicants to the PhD program must take the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), preferably before their application to the program. This requirement holds even if the applicant previously earned an M.S. degree or equivalent at UB or elsewhere and had not taken the GRE. Qualification for the Ph.D. programs is through a qualifying examination. Details of this examination, the Ph.D. program committee, and the final dissertation examination (oral defense by the student) are described below. a) Qualifying Examination: Each student desiring to become a Ph.D. candidate in the department must pass a Ph.D. qualifying examination. This exam is given only once yearly immediately before the beginning of the spring semester. Students should take the exam at their first opportunity to do so after having been accepted by the department into the Ph.D. program. Thus students entering with the M.S. degree completed should take the qualifying exam in the spring semester first following their entrance. Students who begin their graduate studies in the department without the M.S. degree should be admitted to the Ph.D. program and take the exam at the first opportunity to do so after completion of 24 credit hours of graduate courses. The qualifying exam is organized and administered by an ad hoc examination committee of department faculty members appointed each year by the Department Chair. The committee consists of a chair, who has overall responsibility for the exam, and at least two faculty members for each area in which a specialty exam will be given. The qualifying examination is the same for Mechanical Engineering and Aerospace Engineering students. It consists of three separate written exams from the following list, each of which may be followed by an oral exam. The written exams are typically about 2 hours each. The areas of the exams are: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer Thermodynamics Solid Mechanics Mathematics Dynamics and Control Design and Optimization Materials Materials Science Bioengineering (bio-fluids, biomechanics, biomaterials) The subject level of the exams may include undergraduate and introductory graduate level material. Students will be asked to declare their exam areas. Students are strongly advised to review the exam contents (courses, topics, references) provided below. All details involving the written and oral exams will be decided by the examination committee. Following completion of the written and oral exams the examination committee reaches a decision as to whether each candidate has passed or failed overall. In the case of a failure, the committee decides whether or not the candidate should be permitted a second opportunity, which is limited to retaking the entire exam, both written and oral. Candidates who fail without being granted a second try, or those who fail twice, must necessarily be dropped from the program. b) Qualifying Examination Details: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer: (rev. 7/1/04) Suggested texts/chapters- I Shames, "Mechanics of Fluids" I.G. Currie, "Fundamental Mechanics of Fluids", 2nd edition Incropera and Dewitt, "Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer", Chapters 1-13 S. Kakac and Y. Yener, "Heat Conduction", 3rd edition, 1993 S. Kakac and Y. Yener, "Convective Heat Transfer", 2nd edition, 1995 Alexander J. Smits, "A Physical Introduction to Fluid Mechanics" Suggested courses- MAE 335, MAE 336, MAE 515, MAE 516, MAE 545, MAE 546 Topics/subtopics- Fluid Mechanics - Fundamentals: flow kinematics, conservation equations - Ideal flow: basic theory, elementary solutions, superposition, complex potential -Viscous flow: Navier Stokes equations, exact solutions, low-Reynolds number flows, boundary layer flows - Compressible flow: shock waves, one dimensional flows - Turbulent flow: basic properties, transition Heat Transfer -Fundamentals: physical origins, rate equations, energy conservation, control volume analysis - Conduction: steady, transient, multidimensional, approximate techniques - Convection: natural, forced, laminar, turbulent, dimensionless groups, correlations - Radiation: blackbody, view factor, spectral intensity, properties, diffuse-gray enclosures - Phase change: latent heat, condensation, boiling, physics of various regimes Thermodynamics: (rev. 10/2/02)(Currently being reviewed, 7/19/04) Suggested texts/chapters- Moran and Shapiro, "Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics" Van Wylen and Sonntag, "Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics" Suggested courses- EAS 204, MAE 431 Topics/subtopics- - Energy forms: potential, kinetic and internal; energy transfer - work and heat, equivalence; properties of ideal gases - concept; equation of state; pressure, temperature, internal energy specific heat - Energy conservation: first law for closed and open systems (control volume); enthalpy and flow work; unsteady and steady state - First law for ideal gas-closed systems: constant T, p or v processes; adiabatic reversible processes; polytropic processes; Carnot cycle; open system steady flow processes; unsteady or transient flow processes - Entropy and second law: definition of entropy; entropy change of ideal gases; isentropic processes of ideal gases; the TdS relations; irreversible effects and entropy production; statement of the second law of thermodynamics; availability - Gas power and refrigeration systems Solid Mechanics: (rev. 7/1/04) Suggested texts/chapters- I. Shames, F. Cozzarelli, "Elastic and Inelastic Stress Analysis" (1992) A.C. Ugurall, S.K. Fenster, "Advanced Strength and Applied Elasticity" 2nd ed. (1995) J.R. Vinson, The Behavior of Thin Walled Structures - Chapter 9 (1989). THG Megson, Aircraft Structures, 3rd ed. (1999), Chaps. 1-4, 6, (9) Suggested courses- MAE 524, MAE 415 Topics/subtopics- - Cartesian Tensors - operations; integral theorems; invariants - Stress - transformation, equilibrium, traction (Cauchy) - Strain - infinitesimal displacement gradient, rotation, and strain; compatibility (simply connected); transformation -Hooke's Law - isotropic, anisotropic; relation of constants; engineering constants; thermal effects - Yield surfaces (von Mises, Tresca) - Boundary Value Problems - posing and solving basic problems (exact solutions) -Structural Elements (approximate solutions) - Euler Bernoulli beam theory, plane strain/plane stress, buckling -Energy Methods - Castigliano 2nd; virtual work; approximate (minimum potential energy) methods (Rayleigh-Ritz); derivation of differential equation and admissible boundary conditions from minimum potential energy Mathematics: (rev. 9/17/02) Suggested texts/chapters- R. Haberman, "Elementary Applied Partial Differential Equations" 2nd ed. (1994) Chapters 1-9, 11 C.R. Wylie, L.C. Barrett, "Advanced Engineering Mathematics" (1982) Chapters 7-10 Suggested courses- MAE 428, MAE 507 Topics/subtopics- - Ordinary differential equations (equivalent Math 242 or 306) - Separation of variables and eigenfunction expansion methods - Laplace and Fourier transform methods - Sturm-Liouville systems - eigenvalues, applications, orthogonality, self-adjoint operators - Inhomogeneous problems - homogeneous & inhomogeneous boundary conditions, Poisson equation - Green's functions - Method of Characteristics - Bessel function Dynamics and Control: (rev. 7/1/04) Suggested texts/chapters- C.M. Close and D.K. Frederick, "Modeling and Analysis of Dynamic Systems" Thomas & Dahleh, ˇ°Theory of Vibration with Applicationsˇ± Ogata, "Modern Control Engineering" C.-T. Chen, "Linear System Theory and Design" A.G. Erdman and G.N. Sandor, "Mechanism Design: Analysis & Synthesis" Suggested courses MAE 340, 443, 571, MAE 412 Topics/subtopics- - Fundamentals - system modeling, ordinary differential equations: stability, step response, frequency domain analysis - State Space - formulation, eigenvalues, transfer function matrix - Control - PID, block diagrams, step response; stability, phase margin, gain margin -Systems Theory - linear vector spaces, bases, similarity, Jordan Canonical Form, generalized eigenvectors -Machines & Mechanisms - kinematic and dynamics of mechanisms, cams, gears Design and Optimization: (rev. 9/10/02) Suggested texts/chapters- Anand, V.B., Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling for Engineers (John Wiley 1993) Vanderplaats, G., Numerical Optimization Techniques for Engineering Design: With Applications (McGraw-Hill 1984) Bickford, W.B., A First Course in the Finite Element Method (Irwin 1994) Suggested courses: MAE 477/577, MAE 473/573, MAE 550 Topics/subtopics: - Fundamentals of 2-D and 3-D Graphics: translations and rotations (including rotations about arbitrary axes), representation of solids, coordinate system transformations, viewing operations (projection techniques, the eye coordinate system, vanishing points), curve and surface generation (Bezier and B-Spline approaches) - Concepts of FEM: stiffness matrices for elements and systems, basics of variational approach, solution concepts for deflections, stress, etc., von Mises failure concepts -Concepts for Optimal Design: problem formulation, conditions for unconstrained and constrained optimality, unconstrained methods (direct, first order, second order), constrained methods (sequentially unconstrained minimization techniques, methods dealing directly with constraints such as SLP, MOC, MFD, GRG, SQP, etc.), Optimum Sensitivity Analysis Materials: (rev. 7/1/04) Suggested texts/chapters- W.D. Callister, Jr., "Materials Science and Engineering", Van Vlack, Materials Science for Engineers (1970), or other introductory to intermediate level texts T.H. Courtney, "Mechanical Behavior of Materials" References (advanced reading): R.E. Reed-Hill, R. Abbaschian, "Physical Metallurgy Principles", 3rd ed. Suggested courses- MAE 381, 485 (optional) Topics/subtopics- - Atomic/molecular structure and bonding of metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites; defects; diffusion - Typical mechanical behavior of metals, ceramics, polymers and composites, including elastic, plastic, fracture and fracture toughness, creep and creep rupture, fatigue; the dependence of behavior on microstructure, defects, grains and grain boundaries, and bonding ("structure - property relations") - Phase diagrams, phase transformations - equilibrium and non-equilibrium; - Manufacturing processes including casting, forming, cutting & joining, heat treatments, surface modifications - Strengthening mechanisms - Corrosion - Electronic properties (electrical, magnetic, optical) - Thermal properties Materials Science: (rev. 7/1/04) Suggested texts/chapters- R.E. Reed-Hill, R. Abbaschian, "Physical Metallurgy Principles", 3rd ed., Chaps. 4-13 D. Gaskell, "Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Materials", 3rd ed. C. Barrett, T.B. Massalski, "Structure of Metals", 3rd ed., Chaps. 1-15, 22. C. Kittel, Intro to Solid State Physics, 4th ed., Chaps. 1-3 R.T. DeHoff, Thermodynamics in Materials Science, Chaps. 1-5, 7-9. Suggested courses- MAE 581, 570, 589 Topics/subtopics- - Ordered alloys; solid state diffusion; defects, dislocations, grain boundaries. - Recovery, recrystallization, grain growth. - Crystal structure, reciprocal lattice. - State functions, process variables, thermodynamic potentials, Maxwell relations; equilibrium of thermal, mechanical, chemical systems; statistical thermodynamics; application to reacting and nonreacting unary, and binary systems, equilibrium & stability. -Materials characterization methods including diffraction, spectroscopy, microscopy. Bioengineering: (Students are expected to be knowledgeable in two of the three areas)(rev. 7/1/04) 1. BIOMATERIALS Suggested text- Handbook of Biomaterials Evaluation, Editor, Andreas von Recum, Macmillan, 1986 Edition preferred (copies available in UB Libraries and ON LOAN from Dr. R.E. Baier) Suggested courses- MAE514/BMA 520 Evaluation of Biomedical Materials MAE 607/BMA 501 Biomaterials Science of Cell-Surface Phenomena MAE 608/BMA 513 Polymeric Biomaterials Topics- Polymers, Absorbable and Nonabsorbable Sutures, Surface Analysis,Corrosion and Biodegradation, Reference Materials, In-Use Testing of Biomaterials in Biomedical Devices, Hemocompatibility Assessment, Preclinical Testing Evaluation of Biomaterials 2. CARDIOVASCULAR AND CEREBROVASCULAR BIOMECHANICS Suggested texts- Y.C. Fung, 1984, Biodynamics Circulation. Y.C. Fung, 1981, Biomechanics Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues. D.O. Cooney, 1976 biomedical Engineering Principles, An Introduction to Fluid, Heat, and Mass Transport Processes, Vol. 2. W.R. Milnor, 1989. Hemodynamics, 2nd Ed. K.B. Chandran, 1992. Cardiovascular Biomechanics Suggested courses- MAE 478/578, Cardiovascular Biomechanics MAE 579, Cerebrovascular Hemodynamics Topics- Cardiac physiology, Rheology of blood, Blood flow in the heart and circulation, Physical principles of circulation, Mechanical properties of blood vessel, Steady and unsteady flow models, Hemodynamic effects on cardiovascular pathology. 3. MUSCULOSKELETAL BIOMECHANICS Suggested texts- Mow & Hayes, 1997, Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics OR Nordin & Frankel, Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System, 3rd ed. AND Hollinshead & Jenkins, 1999, Functional Anatomy of the Limbs and Back (Overview) Burstein & Wright, 1994, Fundamentals of Orthopaedic Biomechanics Suggested courses- MAE 420/520, Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System MAE 417/517, Applied Orthopaedic Biomechanics Topics- Musculoskeletal anatomy, Joint forces, kinematics of joints, Gait analysis, Dynamics of simple motions, Stresses and strains in bone and soft tissue, Implant materials, Structure and function of cortical and cancellous bone, Electrical phenomena and mechanical adaptation. c) Program Details: After successful completion of the qualifying examination, a Ph.D. program committee is formed consisting of three members and chaired by the dissertation advisor. The selection of the program committee members is primarily the responsibility of the candidates and their dissertation advisors. The student shall prepare a presentation to his/her program committee which will include a literature review, research plan, and any preliminary results. This presentation will be given within 6 months after the student successfully passes the Qualifying Exam or within 2 years of being admitted to the Ph.D. program, whichever comes first. The committee will offer written and/or oral comments on the presentation. The Ph.D. program committee has formal responsibility for the program and guidance of the candidate. During the course of the student's program, one or more progress evaluations should be carried out by the program committee. In the progress evaluation the candidate's course performance will be considered as well as progress made on the candidate's dissertation research. If the committee finds the candidate's progress unsatisfactory, it may recommend corrective action. If the candidate's progress continues to be unsatisfactory, the committee may recommend withdrawal from the University to the Department Chair. Within one year of passing the qualifying examination, before the completion of eight semesters of graduate study (beyond the B.S.) and no fewer than two semesters (see Section 13) before the degree conferral date, the student's Ph.D. program must be approved by the program committee and submitted to the department for approval by the Director of Graduate Studies. The student's Application to Candidacy must include the dissertation title, a 300-400 word dissertation proposal abstract, evidence of full-time residency for at least two semesters, and itemization of at least 72 semester hours beyond the baccalaureate. Courses for transfer credit must be indicated as such on the Application for Candidacy. The approved program is then filed for approval by the Executive Committee of the Graduate School. Approval by the Executive Committee constitutes admission to candidacy. The student notifies the Graduate School by petition when minor changes in the program, such as changes in the dissertation title, or deletion/addition of one or two courses, occur. Major changes in the program, such as research abstract revision, adding or deleting more than two courses or change in major advisor require a petition to be filed through the department graduate office. d) Dissertation: Each Ph.D. student is required to complete an original dissertation and orally defend his work before the program committee and any other interested parties. Upon completion of the dissertation a draft is submitted to the advisor for comments, corrections, and approval. Graduate School approval of the selection of an outside reader must be obtained before a copy is provided to the outside reader for review. Upon the advisor's approval the student submits copies of the dissertation to the remaining two members of the program committee for their approval and also submits one copy to the outside reader for his/her approval. The outside reader (outside of the department) is selected by the student and his advisor. The outside reader is required to submit his/her approval in writing to the Dean of the Graduate School. The oral defense consists of a presentation during which the candidates outline the highlights of their work, followed by questions from the program committee or any other interested persons present. Following a successful dissertation defense, the program committee certifies approval of the dissertation by signing the Graduate School M form. The M form must be signed by the Director of Graduate Studies or the Department Chair before being forwarded to the Graduate School. After the student has made final corrections to the dissertation, the student submits one spiral-bound copy to the department and usually at least one bound copy to the advisor. . In addition, the dissertation is submitted electronically; see http://www.grad.buffalo.edu/etd/ for details. This must be done prior to your designated conferral date. All materials must be in the Graduate School office on or before the degree conferral deadlines established each year by the Graduate School; see http://www.grad.buffalo.edu/policies/deadlines.php for details. The typing and arrangement of Ph.D. dissertations and M.S. theses must meet the requirements of the Graduate School. The Graduate School will accept any self-consistent format which follows the conventions of a recognized discipline. Uniformity is desirable and will be required in the following details: Pagination: Pages should be numbered consecutively, including not only the principal text but also all plates, tables, figures, etc. Typing and reproduction: The original of the dissertation must be laser printed, double-spaced, on 8-1/2" x 11", 20-lb. plain white (unlined in any way) bond paper. To allow for binding, the left hand margin must be 1-1/2". Other margins should be 1". Diagrams, photographs, or facsimiles in any form should be a standard page size, or, if large, folded so that a free left-hand margin of 1-1/2" remains and the folded sheet is not larger than the standard page. The dissertation must conform to permanent record standards. The document submitted to the Graduate School can be either the original or a high quality photocopy. Please note: it is illegal to duplicate the University logo/emblem, and therefore, it should not appear anywhere in your body of work. The format of the title page (the first page) should be according to the Graduate School web page: http://www.grad.buffalo.edu/etd/etdguide.pdf , p.6. The dissertation must contain an Abstract, not to exceed 600 words, and a complete table of contents. Bound copies should be bound in hard boards covered with black imitation leather. The title and author's name should be imprinted on the front in gold. The author's last name, his degree, and the year of conferral of the degree should be imprinted on the spine in gold. The department can provide names of local companies which do satisfactory and economical binding. Since theses and dissertations represent the joint effort of students and their advisors (if not also other members of the faculty), the student should make no arrangements for publication without consulting his/her advisor. Electronic submission of Ph.D. dissertations ,as required by the Graduate School, does not preclude publication by other methods later. It should be noted that the primary responsibility for the quality of the presentation, organization, grammar and readability of the dissertation, thesis or project lies with the student. Extra effort and outside editorial assistance may be required when the student does not write fluently in the English language. e) Deadlines: In order that students receive their degrees when expected, it is necessary that certain deadlines be met in their programs. A summary of these deadlines is given in Sec. 13.